من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي
من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي؟ سؤالٌ لا بدّ من توضيح إجابته فهو أحد الأسئلة الشّائعة والتي لم تُحدّد إجابة دقيقة له، فلقد اختلف علماء التّاريخ والمؤرّخون في تاريخ اكتشاف أمريكا، وتعدّدت الأسماء والنّظريات الموضوعة حول اكتشافها، ويختلف ذلك تبعاً للاختلافات والانتماءات السياسيّة والدينيّة والجغرافيّة، فلقد أراد كلّ مجموعة نسب هذا الكاشف إليهم، إلا أنّ الكثير من المؤرّخين كانوا قد اتّفقوا حول نظريّة اكتشافٍ مشهورة، والتي من خلالها يمكن التّعرف على مكتشف القارتين الأمريكيّتين الحقيقي، وفي هذا المقال سيقوم موقع المرجع بتعريفنا بمن هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي وكذلك نظريات اكتشاف أمريكا.
أمريكا
أوّلاً وقبل معرفة من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي لا بدّ من التّعرف على أمريكا، أو ما يُعرف بالأمريكيّتين وهما قارّتان أمريكا الشمالية وأمريكا الجنوبية، الأولى تقع في نصف الكرة الشمالي والأخرى في نصف الكرة الأرضية الجنوبي، ولذلك تختلف المناطق المناخيّة لهما اختلافاً تامّاً، اشتقّ اسم أمريكا من اسم الرّحالة والمستكشف الإيطالي أمريكو فسبوتشي، الذي قام بالكثير من الرّحلات الاستكشافية إلى الجهة الغربيّة من كوكب الأرض ووصف تلك الرّحلات برسائل لأصدقائه، وقد تمّ اقتباس اسم العالم الجديد من هذه الرّسائل وهو الاسم الذي يشير إلى الأمريكيّتين، قام العالم الجيولوجي ورسّام الخرائط الألماني مارتن فالدسميلر باقتراح اسم أمريكا على الأرض الجديدة وذلك بعد أن وصلت إليه نسخٌ من رسائل أمريكو فسبوتشي، وتمت الموافقة على الاسم واعتماده حتّى اليوم، ولكن من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي هذا ما سيتمّ بيانه وتسليط الضّوء عليه في هذا المقال.[1]
من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي
إنّ مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي هو كريستوفر كولومبوس، وهو رحّالةٌ استعماري ومستكشف من جمهوريّة جنوى، ولد كريستوفر كولومبس سنة 1451 م في جنوى التي اشتهرت بتقاليدها البحرية، وكذلك وجود أكبر مدرسةٍ للبحرية فيها، عمل في بداية حياته كخيّاط مثل والده، ثمّ جاب البحر المتوسط كتاجر، انطلق إلى لشبونة البرتغالية عام 1475 م، ليلحق بأخيه الذي سبقه إليها وعمل فيها كراسمٍ للخرائط وبائعٍ للكتب، تعرّف فيها على الصناعات البحريّة والدراسات الجغرافية والفلكية، ودرس الخارئط والمخطّطات، وتأثر بفكرة كروية الأرض التي كانت في بداية ظهورها واقتنع بفكرة الوصول إلى الشّرق عن طريق الإبحار غرباً، وسمع في عصره عن بحّارةٍ جابوا البحر غرباً ورأوا أرضاً في أقاصي الغرب، فتوقّع كولومبوس أن الوصول للهند سيكون أسرع وطريقه أقصر من جهة الغرب، فحاول الحصول على معوناتٍ ومساعداتٍ ماليةٍ من ملك البرتغال لقيامه بهذه المهمّة لكنّه فشل، وكذلك حاول مع ملك إنجلترا والذي أيضاً فشل بالحصول منه على مساعدات، وكان السّبب ارتفاع التّكاليف.[2]
شاهد أيضًا: من هو العالم الفرنسي الذي اكتشف البنسلين
رحلات مكتشف أمريكا كريستوفر كولومبوس
تمكّن كولومبوس من إقناع ملك إسبانيا بفكرته، والذي قدّم له المساعدة وكان له الفضل في انطلاق كولومبوس في رحلاته الاستكشافيّة، فخرج في رحلته الأولى عام 1492 م على ثلاث سفنٍ إسبانية ووصل إلى جزر الكناري، ثمّ جزر الباهاما والتي اعتقد أنّها جزرٌ هنديّة، فأطلق على سكّانها اسم الهنود، وهي التي استمرّت معروفةً عنهم بالرّغم من تبيّن خطأها، ثم اتجه كولومبوس إلى السواحل الشمالية لجزيرة كوبا والتي ظنّها الصين، قام ببناء قلعة في جزيرة هاييتي ووضع فيها أربعين رجلاً لحمايتها، وعاد إلى إسبانيا مع اكتشافه ومعه بعض المنتجات وعدد من السّكان الأصليين كأسرى، مُنح لقب أمير المحيط وعيّن نائباً للملك في ما اكتشفه، وانطلق بأمرٍ من ملك إسبانيا للاكتشاف في رحلته الثانية، حيث انطلق بألف رجل على سبع عشرة سفينة، حيث أسّس أول مستعمرةٍ في أمريكا أسماها إيزابيلا، واكتشف في رحلته جزيرة كولومبوس وجزيرة جمايكا، وعاد هذه المرّة من رحلته محمّلاً بالذهب والكثير من المنتجات الجديدة، فكرّمه الملك وقدّم له أحدث السّفن والمراكب، وأمره بالقيام برحلةٍ ثالثة، وانطلق فيها عام 1498م، حيث وصل إلى جزيرة ترينيداد والسواحل الفنزويلية، حيث علم أنّه اكتشف أراضٍ جديدة أسماها العالم الآخر، اغترّ كولومبوس بنجاحاته واستهان بأوامر القادة الإسبان فتمّ اعتقاله وإعادته لإسبانيا، لكنّ الملك فرديناند أطلق سراحه وزوّده بالسفن لينطلق بالرّحلة الرابعة، فانطلق فيها عام 1502 م، وهدفها اكتشاف ممر بحري بين كوبا وأمريكا الجنوبية يقود إلى المحيط الهندي، حيث كان يعتقد أنّ الصين على مسافة قريبة جنوبي أمريكا، لكنّه لم يتمكن من العثور على الممر المنشود، وأدرك أنّه يوجد غرب هذه الأرض محيطٌ هو أكبر من المحيط الأطلسي، عاد كولومبوس لإسبانيا ليخبر الملك بنتيجة الرحلة الرابعة لكنّ الملكة توفيت وتأجل موعد الزيارة، وساءت صحّة كولومبوس كثيراً ومات بعد ذلك بوقتٍ قصير، في بلد الوليد شمال إسبانيا.[3]
الحقيقة وراء كريستوفر كولومبوس
رغم أنّ كولومبوس عُرف بأنّه هو مكتشف أمريكا، فعُرف على أنّه رحالةٌ ومستكشف، وقام باستعمار الأراضي الأمريكيّة لصالح ملك إسبانيا، لكنّ كولومبوس لم يكن أوّل من وصل القارّة الأمريكية، فلقد كان فيها شعوباً أصلية هاجروا إليها قبلاً واستوطنوها، حيث أنّ القارتين الأمريكيّتين هما آخر قارتين استوطنهما البشر، وتُشير الدراسات أنّ سكان أمريكا الأصليين يعودون لأصلٍ واحد، فلم يكن كولومبوس أوّل واصلٍ لأمريكا من الأوروبيّين، فقد عُثر على الكثير من الأدلة التي تشير إلى وصول الفايكينج إلى كندا قبل كولومبوس بحوالي 500 عام، وتوجد الكثير من الروايات والنظريات الأخرى التي تزعم وتؤكد وصول شعوب أخرى للأمريكيّتين.
شاهد أيضًا: من هو اول طبيب بيطري
نظريات اكتشاف أمريكا
إنّ معرفة من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي لا تتوقف عند كريستوفر كولومبوس بل إنّ الأمر يتعدّى إلى الكثير من نظريات اكتشاف أمريكا، حيث يُطلق مصطلح اكتشاف أمريكا على أحداث متعدّدة ومتفرقة تصف وصول أعراق وشعوب مختلفة إلى أمريكا، امتدّت مرحلة الاكتشاف لقرون عديدة، وذلك قبل كولومبوس بمئات السنين ومن نظريات اكتشاف أمريكا ما يأتي:
نظرية جسر بيرينغ لاند
وهي نظريّة تقول بأنّ سيبيريا وألاسكا كانت أكبر ممّا هي عليه الآن، وقد كان مستوى ماء البحار أقلّ من مستواه اليوم بكثير، وكانت معظم المسطّحات المائية جليدية، وقد رجّح العلماء وجود جسرٍ بريّ اسمه بيرينغ لاند كان يربط سيبيريا وألاسكا ببعضهما، وقد تمّ بناء هذا الجسر بسبب الحاجة للمزيد من الغذاء فلجأ البشر حينها للبحث في مناطق مختلفة وليصلوا إليها قاموا ببناء هذا الجسر، فعبروا جسر بيرينغ لاند بحثاً عن الطّعام من آسيا إلى ألاسكا وهذه ما يفترضه بعض العلماء.[4]
نظرية السوليترية
نظرية أخرى في نظريات من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي، وهي النظرية السوليوترية، التي تقول أنّ البشر صنعوا أسلحة على شكل رمحٍ دقيق قبل نحو أكثر من 13500 سنة، والتي تمّ إيجادها في الأمريكيّتين، فتتبّع العلماء الدّلائل وتبيّن أنّ هذه الأسلحة تشابه الأسلحة التي تمّت صناعتها في إسبانيا وجنوب فرنسا خلال العصر الحجري القديم في زمن الحضارة السوليترية، وبأنّ البشر حينها قد عبروا المحيط، متوجّهين للصّيد على حزام الجليد بالقوارب الجلديّة، ليكونوا أوّل من اكتشف الأمريكيّتين.[5]
نظرية الراهب الإيرلندي والسلحفاة البحرية الضخمة
تقول هذه النّظرية أنّ راهباً إيرلنديّاً يدعى برنديان اكتشف أمريكا، وقد قام الرّاهب برحلته الاستكشافيّة عام 400م، حيث أنّه عبر المحيط الأطلسي على ظهر سلحفاةٍ بحرية، وقالت بعض الروايات أنه سافر على متن قاربٍ إيرلندي تقليدي خشبي، ولم يكن هناك أيّ دليل على قدرة هذا القارب على الوصول إلى أمريكا، لكنّ أحد المؤرّخين قام بتجربة الرّحلة على قارب إيرلندي تقليدي وقد نجحت رحلته وتمكن من الوصول إلى أمريكا من إيرلندا، لكن هذه النظرية موضع شك لما يكون أنّها أقرب للخيال وليست حقيقة.[6]
نظرية الأمير مادوك
الأمير مادوك هو أمير ويلزي وهو ابنٌ غير شرعي لملك غوينيد، فلم يتنافس على الحكم مع إخوته بعد وفاة الملك، بل انطلق في رحلةٍ استكشافيّة مع أحد إخوته من السّاحل الشمالي لدولة ويلز، حيث انطلقا نحو الغرب عند منطقة ألاباما في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، ثمّ رجعا لويلز نقطة انطلاقهما، حاول إقناع الويلزيين بالذّهاب معه في رحلته الثانية حيث رافقه طاقمٌ ويلزي في الرحلة الثانية عام 1171 م، ولم يُعرف مصير هذه الحملة إطلاقاً. [7]
نظرية قراصنة الشمال الفايكينغ
إحدى نظريات من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي هي نظرية قراصنة الشمال الفايكينغ، وهؤلاء وجدوا قبل وجود كولومبوس بنحو 500 سنة، حيث قام بعضهم بترك بلادهم ليبحثوا عن وطنٍ جديد، لكنّ سفينتهم بسبب الرياح العاتية اتّجهت نحو أمريكا، وكانوا بذلك أوّل أوروبيّين تطأ أقدامهم أرض أمريكا.[8]
نظرية كليوبترا والصينيين
في هذه النّظرية يُقال أنّ الصّينيين والمصريّين القدماء دخلوا الأمريكيّتين الشّمالية والجنوبية في 600 قبل الميلاد، وتشير الدّراسات أنّ هنالك اتّصالٌ بين المصريّين والأراضي الأمريكية ويوجد تشابهٌ كبير في جوانب الحياة الثقافية بين الأمريكيّين الأصليّين وبين الصّينيين والمصريّين، وتمّ العثور على الكثير من الآثار والدّلائل التي تشير وتؤكّد دخول المصريّين القدامى وكذلك الصّينيين إلى أرض أمريكا.[9]
نظرية اكتشاف قرطاج لقارة أمريكا
ذكر المؤرخ الإغريقي ديودورس في العام 100 قبل الميلاد أنّ القرطاجيّين يعرفون جزير هائلة كبيرة وبعيدة جداً، توجد في المحيط الأطلسي وفيها جبال كبيرة وأنهارٌ عريضة، وهذه الجزيرة هي مصدر ثرواتهم لذلك جعلوا أمرها سرّاً، وقد عثر عليها القرطاجيّين بمحض الصّدفة عندما خرجت واحدة من سفنهم التجارية عن مسارها في عاصفة قوية، وقد وجدت فخاريات وأدوات وأسلحة قرطاجية في أماكن كثيرة في الأمريكيّتين والتي تعود لفترة 350 قبل الميلاد، وقد وجدت خارطة على قطعة نقود ذهبية فينيقية في قرطاج، توجد فيها الأمريكيّتين.[10]
شاهد أيضًا: من هو مكتشف جدول الضرب
إلى هنا نكون قد وصلنا لنهاية المقال من هو مكتشف أمريكا الحقيقي الذي تمّ فيه الحديث حول أمريكا ورحلات مكتشف أمريكا كريستوفر كولومبوس، والحقيقة وراء كريستوفر كولومبوس، وذكر المقال نظريات اكتشاف أمريكا المقولاد الواردة في هذا الشّأن.
المراجع
- britannica.com , Americas , 25/08/2021
- thoughtco.com , Biography of Christopher Columbus , 25/08/2021
- marefa.org , كريستوفر كولومبوس , 25/08/2021
- study.com , The Bering Land Bridge: Theory, Overview , 25/08/2021
- nationalgeographic.com , When, How Did the First Americans Arrive? It’s Complicated. , 25/08/2021
- owlcation.com , Who First Discovered America? , 25/08/2021
- historic-uk.com , The-discovery of America by Welsh Prince , 25/08/2021
- history.com , The Viking Explorer Who Beat Columbus to America , 25/08/2021
- owlcation.com , Who First Discovered America? TIFFANY I hold a Masters in Public History and specialize in telling the hidden stories of women and objects from ancient times to today. Answering the question "Who discovered America first?" will be a continuous struggle. History is never certain. While we can know dates and names and events, we can never be certain when a "first" happened. This is because archaeology is continually revealing new evidence on our origins and historical events. For a very long time, everyone assumed that Columbus had first discovered America. Yet in recent years, the very term "discovery" has come under fire. There were people in America before Columbus. More importantly, there are ancient texts that refer to various explorers who reached America from Europe (and possibly China) before Columbus. So who really discovered America? To answer this question, we need to go back in time... Christopher Columbus...or someone else? Christopher Columbus...or someone else? ColumbusNavigation.com In 1492... Columbus sailed the ocean blue. In the year 1492 AD, Columbus "discovered" America. Well, not really. He actually bumped into a giant land mass that had been visited by Europeans (and possibly others) before. It also happened to be inhabited, at the time, by anywhere from 2 million to 112 million people. The population estimates are still under debate by scholars, such as Henry Dobyns and Douglas Ubelaker. However, what is certain is that Columbus - and all the fabled tellings of his "discovery" - was not the first time to set foot on the soil of the Americas. Were Africans first? There is some evidence of African contact in pre-Columbian civilizations. In Mexico, stone head portraits of basalt on the eastern coast bear a striking resemblance to African peoples. Arab sources from the eighth century also detail contact between Africans and the Americas. Additionally, Portuguese sources speak of migrations from West Africa between 1311 and 1460 CE. These sources tell us that Africans (and most likely Arabs as well, who inhabited the northwestern portions of Africa as well) had sailed to Haiti, Panama, and possibly Brazil. Columbus, after his first contact, encountered the Arawaks who told him of obtaining guanine spear points from black traders that came from the south and east. Captain Balboa provided further evidence in his account of natives who had black slaves. Sailing to Vinland Ah, the Vikings. Fabled seamen and storytellers. In the Nordic sagas, the Vikings have recounted the tale of Erik the Red and Leif Eriksson (son of Erik the Red) who sailed to a land called "Vinland." Little credit had been given to the reality of this story until archaeological discoveries started yielding surprising information. In 1362, the Kensington Stone was inscribed, referring to an expedition of Norweigens and Goths who reached southwestern Minnesota in 1362. The stone was discovered in 1898 by a Swedish-America farmer near Kensington, Minnesota. Scholars initially labeled this stone as a fraud, but research done by H. R. Holad in 1907 showed that the inscription could be from the 1300s based upon its word forms and numerals. This evidence was further corroborated when an account dating to 1355 by a king of Sweden/Norway referred to a western settlement ("Vest Bygd") in Greenland that helped colonists in Vinland. The Kensington Stone The Kensington Stone Ohio State University Other accounts - notably of Gudrid, found in The Far Traveler - also mention Vinland. Gudrid, as a side note, is thought to be the first European woman to have a baby in America. The sagas refer to Leif Eriksson making landfall in Vinland as early as 1000 CE and his father, Erik the Red, making landfall about 984 CE. They refer to Native Americans as "Skraelings" in the sagas. Most of these come from Nordic folklore, but many other aspects of their folklore have been proven true in recent decades. Is it plausible that the Vikings could have reached America? Yes, their ships were fully capable of such a voyage. But is there hard evidence? Actually, yes. A Viking-era settlement, bearing striking resemblances to Viking settlements in Scandinavian countries, was found at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada, in 1960. Since then, digs at the site have revealed over 300 years of sporadic contact between the Vikings and Native American peoples, concentrated primarily in the Canadian Arctic. A good series of articles, with artifacts, can be found at this Smithsonian website, further detailing what may have occurred at the settlements. Irish Monks and Giant Sea Turtles The Vikings, unfortunately, were not first. St. Brendan, an Irish monk, claimed in his writings to have found "enchanted islands" far out in the Atlantic around 400 CE. Most legends claim that St. Brendan traveled across the Atlantic on the back of a sea turtle, but ancient descriptions claim that he traveled in a tiny currach (a traditional Irish boat of wood and leather). One reason St. Brendan rose to popularity was due to the account of his travels in the 9th century The Voyage of St. Brendan, a Latin book full of fantastic tales about his journey. No hard evidence of his visit has been found, though it is plausible that ship technology of the time might have reached Nordic settlements on Iceland or Greenland. This was tested in 1976 by historian Tim Severin, who built a traditional currach named Brendan and attempted to sail to North America from Ireland. Severin was successful. Unfortunately, it is highly unlikely that St. Brendan's tale is true. It is more plausible that the accounts of St. Brendan reflect stories of visits to the Americas, since these stories were written down centuries after they had occurred (and likely had been passed down orally, and thus may have been elaborated with each retelling). However, St. Brendan's story did have a direct effect on the search for America: his tale was used by Christopher Columbus as a reference to support his assertion that lands were reachable across the Atlantic. Cleopatra and the Chinese In 600 BCE, there is the possibility that Phoenicians or Egyptians may have visited the Americas. There is speculation that Egyptian technology could have travelled as far the Canary Islands (off the coast of Spain) or Ireland, though it has been untested (to date) as to whether their technology could have reached the Americas. However, Negroid and Caucasoid likenesses in sculpture and ceramics of the Americas, as well as some accounts in Arab history, suggest that contact may have occurred. Additionally, in 1000 BCE, it is thought that the Chinese may have reached Central America. The evidence is of fairly low quality. However, some Chinese legends and cultural similarities exist between Native Americans and the Chinese. No hard evidence has been found, to date. (Additionally, evidence has been found that the Chinese may have reached America in 1421 CE - 70 years before Columbus.) Map of potential migration routes into America. Map of potential migration routes into America. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission Walking on Thin Ice However, if we are asking who truly "discovered" America - the first person to set foot on the soil of any of the American continents - then we must venture into prehistory. In the Pleistocene era, the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets formed a narrow corridor and land bridge between Russia and what is now Alaska. So far, archaeological evidence suggests that the first people - who would become the "first Americans" - walked this land bridge and through the corridor into North America. Traveling south, these peoples would have encountered northern deciduous forests of oak, hickory, and beech lining what is now the Gulf Coast. These migrations took place over long periods of time, as the ice sheets opened and closed the corridor. But who were these people? Most likely, they were groups from Asia. In order to find out, paleoanthropologists utilize many different methods: language, dental records, and mitochondrial DNA testing. There are some debates between these methods, revealing that the "first Americas" most likely spoke languages of the Amerind family, had dental records that matched those of Southwest Asians (the Sundadont family), but whose mitochondrial DNA had very different characteristics than those of modern Asians (suggesting that the "split" between modern Asians and Native Americans occurred at least 21,000 years ago). What we do know for certain, however, is that after the ice sheets melted and the Ice Age came to an end, those who had migrated to the Americas - whether by foot or, possibly, by boat - became relatively isolated from developments in the rest of the world. This isolation resulted in a loss of immunity to diseases, which would come back to haunt the natives when Europe came calling. Comments Tiffany (author) from USA on August 24, 2019: Thank you, bell! bell on August 23, 2019: I thought that this was a very interesting website Barbara Jones on April 13, 2019: Americus vespicus and columbus were twins Shakeel Christ on March 31, 2019: We know another Name Amerigo vespucci whose Discover America . Kindly tell me who first discovered America Amerigo or Columbus? cooper on September 24, 2018: thank you very much. Tiffany (author) from USA on September 24, 2018: Hi Cooper, this information was from a variety of sources, including textbooks, lecture notes from undergraduate courses that I took, and research into the topic. I particularly recommend The Far Traveler by Nancy Brown, works of Gavin Menzies, The Brendan Voyage by Tim Severin, and In the Hands of the Great Spirit by Jake Page. (I personally love Jake Page’s work and recommend all of what he has written - he is great on American prehistory!) Cooper on September 24, 2018: where, sorry Cooper on September 24, 2018: were did you get this information from? Tiffany (author) from USA on September 11, 2018: Hi Edwar! So glad to hear this article helped. Best wishes for your studies! Edwar on September 02, 2018: I LOVE HISTORY! Thanks for the help you gave me an A+ on my test! mark on January 14, 2018: Columbus was certainly not the first to discover America. Vikings were definitely there early 11th century also Polynesians were in Hawaii in 4th century so why is Columbus credited for discovering America. Chinese might have there also they can prove if they were but they can prove they were not also Irish writings on a cave prove that these writing are over a thousand years old. Bob Allen on December 19, 2017: Only Columbus matters in the discovery of America because only he reported it in a meaningful way. Errorsans115 on October 08, 2017: hi, this stuff looks really great!! mossabezzat on March 28, 2017: Great article Tiffany (author) from USA on November 06, 2013: @Derp - Thank you! I'm glad the information was so helpful! I hope to teach university courses one day, so knowing that how I'm writing and presenting information is helping students now is great feedback! Derp on November 04, 2013: Thank you Hub! I wanted to thank you for the information that you gave to me excellent work on the way you put every bit of information for me and without I wouldn't have got an A+ on my Social Studies Report! I will go here more often now that I have found a site that has given me the correct answers and details to make it easy for me to explain what I have researched. If you guys are reading this now, This site is #1 to go to at a last minute project, Thank You Hub! Derp on November 04, 2013: I believe that the Indians Possibly found America first, I don't really know though.... I have a Social Studies Assignment on this and I haven't even started! AHHH! Help me please everyone :P dereon puryear on November 10, 2012: This was a very informational text and the vidoes and pictures helped me understand it even more. Tiffany (author) from USA on October 31, 2012: @caitlin newsome -- this is the beauty of history. We never know the full answer. So there is no "one" answer to who discovered America, because it's all about who actually got to the continent first (and hence, we will never have a name/face for the Bering Strait travelers). This hub is meant more to show that Columbus wasn't the first, and history knows it, because there are all these wonderful clues in history that point to lots of "discoveries" of America over a long period of time. caitlin newsome on October 23, 2012: I want to know who discovered america first anna141 from India on July 23, 2012: Such a interesting article...... Kitty Fields from Summerland on July 23, 2012: Very intriguing! Loved this article. I've always been one to root for the Natives..they were really the first, after all. And from what I've heard, Columbus wasn't that nice of a dude anyway...raping and pillaging? Those two words take away "explorer" to me. Thanks and voted up! wba108@yahoo.com from upstate, NY on June 07, 2012: My theory is that most discoveries occur because there is an economic or military advantages associated with it. Columbus discovered America because he wanted a shortest route from which to trade with the far east. Megellan had much the same profit motive as Columbus. The Chinese really didn't need to try to find a short cut to Europe because they had the most sought after goods in their own country so they were content to stay put. The Chinese had hands down the most advanced society in their region wheras the Europeans were forced to compete with many other similar nation states in order to survive. This is why the Europeans were in a desperate race to get a leg up on new trade routes and their monarchs were willing to risk much to accomplish their goals. Its really surprising the viking were able to reach America because their culture was fairly primative other than their weaponry. I've never heard that Arab sources from the 8th century wrote about contact between Africa and the Americas. Island Tropical on March 27, 2012: you know people, it is me who ask this question but it is her that get all the glory :) Paul Swendson on March 24, 2012: I imagine that as time passes and new information comes to light, the textbooks of the future, when addressing this topic, will be very different from those today. Instead of describing Columbus as the discoverer of America, it is best to think of him as the man who introduced Europeans of the late 15th century to the "New World." And this introduction of the Old World to The New would ultimately transform the entire planet. So whether he is referred to as a discoverer or not, he is still one of the most important historical figures of the last 500 years. Rebecca Mealey from Northeastern Georgia, USA on March 24, 2012: This has some fascinating information. The possibility of so much activity on what we thought was the last frontier. Cleopatra in America! She might have discovered Hollywood! LOL! Theresa Ast from Atlanta, Georgia on March 24, 2012: Hi Southern Muse - just read this hub again, and it is just as good as it was the first time I read it. Well written, very interesting, and full of lots of information about a variety of visitors and discoverers. Well done. SHARING Tiffany (author) from USA on March 07, 2012: Thank you! I tried to turn on the link, so hopefully it is working now! I'm always happy to meet new colleagues in the field. Our passion is such a wonderful starting point for collaborations and friendships, and it certainly makes for interesting discussions! Tiffany (author) from USA on March 07, 2012: @phdast7 - Thanks for letting me know about that, I had forgotten! Hopefully the e-mail link is working now. I'm always happy to engage in conversations with fellow historians - passion is such a wonderful thing! For everyone else, thank you so much for your lovely comments. I'm always happy to provide interesting and informative hubs for the public, and hope to continue to do so as my own knowledge base develops! :) Island Tropical on March 06, 2012: you got lots of readers, this is indeed a great topic to write about... shea duane from new jersey on March 05, 2012: Fantastic hub! Micheal from United Kingdom on March 05, 2012: What an interesting summing up of the various groups that have visited America. The Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl, sailed across the Pacific in a boat based on an Egypt design, made from reeds. It is possible that the Egyptians made it to America, 5,000 years ago too. Great hub voted up and interesting. John Sarkis from Winter Haven, FL on March 05, 2012: Great hub. It's between Erickson and Columbus, so I've been told. Furthermore, I don't like the term "discovered," as there were people living here already. Enjoyed your hub and gave it "thumbs up" John Theresa Ast from Atlanta, Georgia on March 04, 2012: Excellent Hub. Very interesting and informative. Your Home Page does not have the connection, for someone to send you an email. HP sends it and your email address is not revealed unless you choose to respond. I am a fellow historian and would love to discuss a couple of issues with you. It is done confidentially through the HP servers; no one can contact you directly. James Kenny from Birmingham, England on March 04, 2012: A very interesting and informative hub. The part about St. Brendan and his sighting of enchanted islands was particularly fascinating. 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